Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Article

Severe Hypoglycemia Is a Serious Complication and Becoming an Economic Burden in Diabetes: Won Chul Ha, Su Jin Oh, Ji Hyun Kim, Jung Min Lee, Sang Ah Chang, Tae Seo Sohn, Hyun Shik Son; Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(4):280-284. Published online August 20, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.4.280

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Background

The prevalence of hypoglycemia is increasing due to the growing incidence of diabetes and the latest strict guidelines for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels under 7%. This study examined the clinical characteristics, causal factors, and medical costs of severely hypoglycemic patients in an emergency room (ER) of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital.

Methods

The study consisted of a retrospective analysis of the characteristics, risk factors, and medical costs of 320 severely hypoglycemic patients with diabetes who presented to an ER of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2009.

Results

Most hypoglycemic patients (87.5%, 280/320) were over 60 years old with a mean age of 69.5±10.9 years and a mean HbA1c level of 6.95±1.46%. Mean serum glucose as noted in the ER was 37.9±34.5 mg/dL. Renal function was decreased, serum creatinine was 2.0±2.1 mg/dL and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 48.0±33.6 mL/min/1.73 m². In addition, hypoglycemic patients typically were taking sulfonylureas or insulin and a variety of other medications, and had a long history of diabetes.

Conclusion

Severe hypoglycemia is frequent in older diabetic patients, subjects with low HbA1c levels, and nephropathic patients. Therefore, personalized attention is warranted, especially in long-term diabetics with multiple comorbidities who may not have been properly educated or may need re-education for hypoglycemia.

Citations

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Hospitalization Costs Due to Hypoglycemia in Patients with Diabetes: A Microcosting Approach
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The Burden of Hypoglycemia in Patients With Insulin-Treated Diabetes Mellitus in China: Analysis of Electronic Medical Records From 4 Tertiary Hospitals
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Value in Health Regional Issues.2020; 21: 17. CrossRef
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Hazardous factors besides infection in hypoglycemia
Yu-Jang Su, Yen-Chun Lai, Chia-Jung Liao
Biomedical Reports.2017; 6(4): 480. CrossRef
Economic Burden of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Korea
Gyuri Kim, Yong-ho Lee, Mi Hye Han, Eui-Kyung Lee, Chong Hwa Kim, Hyuk Sang Kwon, In Kyung Jeong, Eun Seok Kang, Dae Jung Kim, Massimo Pietropaolo
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G. Veronese, G. Marchesini, G. Forlani, S. Saragoni, L. Degli Esposti, E. Centis, A. Fabbri
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Risk of hospitalization for hypoglycemia among older Korean people with diabetes mellitus
Hyun Min Kim, Jong-Mi Seong, Jaetaek Kim
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Ja Young Jeon, Se Ran Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan-Woo Lee, Jung-Dong Lee, Seung Jin Han
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Response

Response: The Effect of an Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Hypertension (Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:236-42): Ji Hyun Kim, Su Jin Oh, Jung Min Lee, Eun Gyoung Hong, Jae Myung Yu, Kyung Ah Han, Kyung Wan Min, Hyun Shik Son, Sang Ah Chang; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(4):429-430. Published online August 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.4.429

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Original Articles

The Effect of an Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Hypertension: Ji Hyun Kim, Su Jin Oh, Jung Min Lee, Eun Gyoung Hong, Jae Myung Yu, Kyung Ah Han, Kyung Wan Min, Hyun Shik Son, Sang Ah Chang; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(3):236-242. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.3.236

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study analyzed the changes in central aortic waveforms and pulse wave velocity as well as related parameters after treatment with valsartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

Methods

We used pulse wave analysis to measure central aortic waveform in a total of 98 subjects. In 47 of these patients, pulse wave velocity measurements were obtained before and after 12 weeks of treatment with valsartan.

Results

In the central aortic waveform analysis, the aortic pulse pressure and augmentation index were significantly decreased after valsartan treatment, as was the aortic pulse wave velocity. Factors contributing to the improvement in pulse wave velocity were the fasting blood glucose and haemoglobin A1c levels.

Conclusion

Short-term treatment with valsartan improves arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension, and the glucose status at baseline was associated with this effect.

Citations

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Mechanisms underlying the blood pressure‐lowering effects of empagliflozin, losartan and their combination in people with type 2 diabetes: A secondary analysis of a randomized crossover trial
Rosalie A. Scholtes, Charlotte M. Mosterd, Anne C. Hesp, Mark M. Smits, Hiddo J. L. Heerspink, Daniël H. van Raalte
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2023; 25(1): 198. CrossRef
Distinct effects of losartan and atenolol on vascular stiffness in Marfan syndrome
Ami B Bhatt, J Stewart Buck, Jonah P Zuflacht, Jessica Milian, Samoneh Kadivar, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Michael N Singh, Mark A Creager
Vascular Medicine.2015; 20(4): 317. CrossRef
The impact of angiotensin receptor blockers on arterial stiffness: a meta-analysis
Feng Peng, Hongming Pan, Bin Wang, Jinxiu Lin, Wenquan Niu
Hypertension Research.2015; 38(9): 613. CrossRef
Arterial stiffness in atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension
Ljiljana Fodor, Vedran Premužić, Vanja Ivković, Dražen Perkov, Mario Laganović, Tajana Željković Vrkić, Živka Dika, Marijana Živko, Bojan Jelaković
Journal of Hypertension.2014; 32(11): 2238. CrossRef
Improvement of arterial wall characteristics by the low-dose fluvastatin and valsartan combination in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients
Vedran Savić, Barbara Eržen, Miodrag Janić, Mojca Lunder, Maja Boncelj, Karin Kanc, Andrej Janež, Mišo Šabovič
Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research.2013; 10(5): 420. CrossRef
The association between regional arterial stiffness and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes
Won Jun Kim, Cheol-Young Park, Se Eun Park, Eun Jung Rhee, Won Young Lee, Ki Won Oh, Sung Woo Park, Sun Woo Kim, SuJeong Song
Atherosclerosis.2012; 225(1): 237. CrossRef
Letter: The Effect of an Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Hypertension (Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:236-42)
Chul-Hee Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(4): 427. CrossRef

Exercise Treadmill Test in Detecting Asymptomatic Coronary Artery Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Mee Kyoung Kim, Ki Hyun Baek, Ki Ho Song, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Jung Min Lee, Moo Il Kang, Kun Ho Yoon, Bong Yun Cha, Ho Young Son, Kwang Woo Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(1):34-40. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.1.34

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Background

The present study was designed to develop criteria for screening patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

A total of 213 patients with T2DM without typical angina or chest pain were studied between 2002 and 2007. We also evaluated 53 patients with T2DM who had reported chest discomfort using an exercise treadmill test (ETT).

Results

Thirty-one of the 213 asymptomatic patients had positive ETT results. We performed coronary angiography on 23 of the 31 patients with a positive ETT and found that 11 of them had significant coronary stenosis. The main differences between the patients with significant stenosis and those with a negative ETT were age (63.1±9.4 vs. 53.7±10.1 years, P=0.008) and duration of diabetes (16.0±7.5 vs. 5.5±5.7 years, P<0.001). The positive predictive value (PPV) of the ETT was calculated to be 47.8%. The PPV of the ETT increased to 87.5% in elderly patients (≥60 years) with a long duration of diabetes (≥10 years). The latter value is similar to that of patients with T2DM who presented with chest discomfort or exertional dyspnea. The PPV of the ETT in symptomatic patients was 76.9%.

Conclusion

In the interest of cost-effectiveness, screening for asymptomatic CAD could be limited to elderly patients with a duration of diabetes ≥10 years.

Citations

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Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences.2023; : 126. CrossRef
Anatomical and Neuromuscular Factors Associated to Non-Contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Marc Dauty, Vincent Crenn, Bastien Louguet, Jérôme Grondin, Pierre Menu, Alban Fouasson-Chailloux
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(5): 1402. CrossRef
Prevalence of asymptomatic silent myocardial ischemia among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Bangalore - A hospital-based cross-sectional study
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Influence of sex on the incidence of potential coronary artery disease and long-term outcomes in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus
Chisato Sato, Kohei Wakabayashi, Naoko Ikeda, Yuki Honda, Ken Sato, Toshiaki Suzuki, Keita Shibata, Kaoru Tanno
IJC Heart & Vasculature.2020; 27: 100504. CrossRef
Gauging the Positive Predictive Value of Exercise Tolerance Test Using Angiographic Evaluation: A Cross-Sectional Analysis From a Developing Country
Ismail Khan, Maria Hasan, Javeria Hasan, Ali Imran Dhillon, Moosa Khan, Mehwish Kaneez
Cureus.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
EVALUATION OF SILENT MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA IN ASYMPTOMATIC TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS BY TREAD MILL TEST IN TERTIARY CARE CENTER IN SOUTH INDIA
Malepati Sai Sarath Reddy, Uma Mylandlahalli Anandkumar, Srinivasa Rao
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences.2019; 8(10): 740. CrossRef
Breathlessness and Restrictive Lung Disease: An Important Diabetes-Related Feature in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Stefan Kopf, Jan B. Groener, Zoltan Kender, Thomas Fleming, Maik Brune, Christin Riedinger, Nadine Volk, Esther Herpel, Dominik Pesta, Julia Szendrödi, Mark O. Wielpütz, Hans-Ulrich Kauczor, Hugo A. Katus, Michael Kreuter, Peter P. Nawroth
Respiration.2018; 96(1): 29. CrossRef
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Mehmet Eyuboglu, Ugur Kucuk, Omer Senarslan, Bahri Akdeniz
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia.2017; 36(2): 89. CrossRef
Comparison of the presence of fragmented QRS complexes in the inferior versus the anterior leads for predicting coronary artery disease severity
Mehmet Eyuboglu, Ugur Kucuk, Omer Senarslan, Bahri Akdeniz
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English Edition).2017; 36(2): 89. CrossRef
High serum YKL-40 level positively correlates with coronary artery disease
Yan Jin, Jia-Ning Cao, Chun-Xia Wang, Qiu-Ting Feng, Xin-He Ye, Xin Xu, Cheng-Jian Yang
Biomarkers in Medicine.2017; 11(2): 133. CrossRef
Fragmented QRS Is Associated with Improved Predictive Value of Exercise Treadmill Testing in Patients with Intermediate Pretest Likelihood of Significant Coronary Artery Disease
Eyyup Tusun, Abdulselam Ilter, Feyzullah Besli, Emre Erkus, Ibrahim Halil Altiparmak, Mehmet Bozbay
Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology.2016; 21(2): 196. CrossRef
Use of imaging and clinical data to screen for cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic diabetics
Carlos Henrique Reis Esselin Rassi, Timothy W. Churchill, Carlos A. Fernandes Tavares, Mateus Guimaraes Fahel, Fabricia P. O. Rassi, Augusto H. Uchida, Bernardo L. Wajchenberg, Antonio C. Lerario, Edward Hulten, Khurram Nasir, Márcio S. Bittencourt, Carlo
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Obese sedentary patients with dyspnoea on exertion who are at low risk for coronary artery disease by clinical criteria have a very low prevalence of coronary artery disease
J. T. Bruckel, G. Larsen, M. R. Benson
Clinical Obesity.2014; 4(3): 143. CrossRef
Potential association between coronary artery disease and the inflammatory biomarker YKL-40 in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hyun Min Kim, Byung-Wan Lee, Young-Mi Song, Won Jin Kim, Hyuk-Jae Chang, Dong-Hoon Choi, Hee Tae Yu, EunSeok Kang, Bong Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2012;[Epub] CrossRef
Exercise Treadmill Test for Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetic Patients
Ju Youn Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Woo-Baek Chung
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Association of Spot Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio and 24 Hour-Collected Urine Albumin Excretion Rate in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.: Jee In Lee, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Su Jin Oh, Jung Min Lee, Sang Ah Chang, Bong Yun Cha, Hyun Shik Son, Tae Seo Sohn; Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(4):299-305. Published online August 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.4.299

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Measuring urine albumin in diabetic patients is an important screening test to identify those individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease and the progression of kidney disease. Recently, spot urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) has replaced 24 hour-collected urine albumin excretion rate (AER) as a screening test for microalbuminuria given its comparative simplicity. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the degree of correlation between AER and ACR in the normal, microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric ranges, and to identify the lower limits of ACR for both genders. METHODS: A total of 310 type 2 diabetics admitted to one center were enrolled in the present study. Following the collection of a spot urine sample, urine was collected for 24 hours and albumin content was measured in both specimens. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 60.2 years. A total of 25.4% had microalbuminuria and 15.8% had macroalbuminuria. The data revealed a strongly positive correlation between AER and ACR across all ranges of albuminuria (R = 0.8). The cut-off value of ACR for 30 mg/day of AER by the regression equation was 24 microgram/mg for men, 42 microgram/mg for women and 31.2 microgram/mg for all patients. The diagnostic performance expressed as the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.938 (95% CI, 0.911-0.965) for ACR. ACR revealed a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 84%, when a cut-off value of 31.2 microgram/mg was employed. CONCLUSION: ACR was highly correlated with AER, particularly in the range of microalbuminuria. The gender combined cut-off value of ACR in type 2 diabetic patients was determined to be 31.2 microg/mg However, additional studies of large outpatient populations, as opposed to the inpatient population used in the present study, are required to confirm the utility of this value.

The Changes of Central Aortic Pulse Wave Analysis in Metabolic Syndrome.: Jee In Lee, Tae Seo Sohn, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Jung Min Lee, Sang Ah Chang, Bong Yun Cha, Hyun Shik Son; Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(6):522-528. Published online December 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.6.522

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Abstract PDF

The metabolic syndrome (MS) has been characterized as a cluster of risk factors that includes dyslipidemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance and central obesity. This syndrome increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Augmentation index (AIx), a composite of wave reflection form medium-sized muscular arteries is related to the development of coronary artery disease. The aim of this study is to examine the change on central aortic waveforms in subjects between patients with metabolic syndrome and normal subjects. Using the non-invasive technique of pulse wave analysis by applantation tonometry, we investigated central aortic waveforms in 45 patients with MS and 45 matched controls. The MS was defined by NCEP-ATP III criteria. Age did not differ between the two groups. AIx was significantly elevated in patinets with MS compared with controls (21.91 +/- 11.41% vs 18.14 +/- 11.07%; P < 0.01). Subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) (158.09 +/- 28.69 vs 167.09 +/- 30.06; P < 0.01) was significantly decreased in patients with MS compared with controls. Only the fasting glucose (r = 0.317, P = 0.03) among the components of MS and age (r = 0.424, P = 0.004) had a positive correlation with AIx. AIx increased as the number of MS components increased. These results show that the MS increased systemic arterial stiffness. Age and fasting blood glucose are independent risk factors of arterial stiffness in MS. The individual MS components, except for fasting blood glucose, do not affect arterial stiffness independently. But the clustering of MS components might interact to synergistically affect arterial stiffness.

Citations

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Arterial Stiffness by Aerobic Exercise Is Related with Aerobic Capacity, Physical Activity Energy Expenditure and Total Fat but not with Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Female Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Ji Yeon Jung, Kyung Wan Min, Hee Jung Ahn, Hwi Ryun Kwon, Jae Hyuk Lee, Kang Seo Park, Kyung Ah Han
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2014; 38(6): 439. CrossRef
The Changes of the body composition and vascular flexibility According to Pilates mat Exercise during 12 weeks in elderly women
Ji-Eun Jang, Yong-Kwon Yoo, Byung-Hoon Lee
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Kylie A. O'Brien, Stephen Birch, Estelle Abbas, Paul Movsessian, Michael Hook, Paul A. Komesaroff
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Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Diabetic Ketoacidosis at a Single Institution.: Jee In Lee, Tae Seo Sohn, Sang Ah Chang, Jung Min Lee, Bong Yun Cha, Ho Young Son, Hyun Shik Son; Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(2):165-170. Published online April 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.2.165

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Abstract PDF

AIMS: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in Hospital for past 6 years. METHODS: We reviewed the retrospective medical records of all patients admitted with a diagnosis of DKA from 2000 to 2005 in Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital. Clinical characteristics including precipitating factors and hospital mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients (78 episodes) fulfilled criteria for inclusion in this study. Their mean age was 41.89 years. 66 episodes had a prior history of diabetes but DKA was the initial presentation in 12 episodes. 24.4% were on no treatment, 14.1% were using oral hypoglycemic agents and 53.8% were on insulin. Poor glycemic control were the most common precipitating factor (56.4%). There were 3 deaths. CONCLUSION: Our report is similar with past reports of DKA in Korea. but it is different that poor glycemic control is most common precipitating factor and mortality rate are lower than past reports. This observation suggests that many cases of DKA can be prevented by better access to medical care, proper education, and effective communication with a health care provider.

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Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Single-Center Study
Iee Ho Choi, Min Sun Kim, Pyoung Han Hwang, Dae-Yeol Lee
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2017; 18(3): 193. CrossRef
Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of Elderly Patients With Hyperglycemic Emergency State at a Single Institution
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Evaluation of the Clinical Significance of Ketonuria
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A Case of Severe Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Child with Type 2 Diabetes
Jaesung Yu, Hyunju Jin, Joontae Ko, Hoseok Kang
Journal of Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology.2011; 16(1): 46. CrossRef
Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Hyperglycemic Emergency State Accompanying Rhabdomyolysis
Soo Kyoung Kim, Jong Ha Baek, Kyeong Ju Lee, Jong Ryeal Hahm, Jung Hwa Jung, Hee Jin Kim, Ho-Su Kim, Sungsu Kim, Soon Il Chung, Tae Sik Jung
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The Differences of Circulating Adiponectin Levels and Multimerization According to Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus of Men.: Sang Ah Chang, Ho Young Son, Jung Min Lee, Tae Seo Sohn, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Hyun Shik Son, Kun Ho Yoon, Hee Seung Kim, Bong Yun Cha, Kwang Woo Lee; Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(3):243-252. Published online May 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.3.243

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Adiponectin is adipose tissue derived hormone, which has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Low adiponectin levels are associated with obesity and diabetes and coronary artery disease. In addition to adiponectin level, the adiponectin multimerization and its ratio to total adiponectin have also affect on metabolic risk factors and insulin resistance. However, the adiponectin multimerization pattern in type 2 diabetes of Korean has not been established. We investigated adiponectin levels and adiponectin multimerization pattern according to obesity in type 2 diabetes males of Korean. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 86 of diabetes patients and 89 of control subjects whose fasting blood glucose was below 110 mg/dL. They were divided into two subgroup, non-obese and obese, according to BMI (non-obese 25 < BMI). Anthropometric parameter and other metabolic risk factors were measured. Insulin resistance was presented by HOMA-IR. Plasma adiponectin level was measured by radioimmunoassay method. Adiponectin multimerization was fractionated by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing and non-heat denaturing state and performed immunoblotting. RESULT: Serum adiponectin levels were significantly reduced in obese than non obese group in diabetes patients (7.73 +/- 5.2 versus 12.56 +/- 8 microgram/mL, P = 0.003). Correlational analyses demonstrated that BMI, body weight, waist circumference, diastolic pressure, glucose and height correlated significantly with adiponectin levels in the diabetes patients. The HOMA-IR did not affect the plasma adiponectin levels in diabetic patients. There were no differences in adiponectin multimerization distribution and ratio between obese and non-obese group in the diabetes, however middle molecular weight multimers (MMW, ~110~160 Kda, hexamer) ratio in the control subjects were significantly reduced in obese group than non-obese group (49 +/- 9 versus 56 +/- 11%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The adipoenctin levels were lower in obese than non-obese group of diabetes males in Korea. Aiponectin levels correlated with BMI and weight but not insulin resistance. The differences of adiponectin multimerization distribution and ratio between obese and non-obese group in diabetes were not detected.

The Appropriate Distance and Duration of Walking for Exercise in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.: Tae Seo Sohn, Jung Min Lee, Sang Ah Chang, Kyung Ah Han, Hyun Shik Son, Hyo Jeong Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, Yeon Ah Sung, Kyung Wan Min, Sei Hyun Baik, Jae Myeong Yu, Sung Woo Park; Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(2):157-162. Published online March 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.2.157

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
For decades, exercise has been considered a cornerstone of diabetes managements, along with diet and medication. Many studies have shown that regular physical activity improves quality of life, reduces the risk of mortality from all causes, and is particularly advantageous in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, high-quality evidence and basic data on the importance of exercise and physical fitness in Korean diabetic patients were lacking until recent years. METHOD: This study included 240 diabetic patients (122 men, 118 women) recruited from 6 diabetic centers in Korea. To measure step length and walking velocity at normal walking speed, we made the patient walk 12 meter at normal speed. The patients wore the pedometer for 7 days and we got the equation between the walking steps per day and calorie expenditure for 7 days. From the equation, we calculated appropriate steps, distance and duration of walking in type 2 diabetic patients as exercise program RESULTS: In men, the walking velocity was 4.4 +/- 0.6 km/h and step length was 67.6 +/- 7.3 cm at normal walking speed. In women, the walking velocity was 4.0 +/- 0.6 km/h and step length was 58.4 +/- 5.5 cm at normal walking speed. The equation between kcal per week and steps per day was that kcal/week = (steps/day) x 0.268 + 64.074 (R2 = 0.854, P < 0.01) in men and kcal/week in women = (steps/day) x 0.256 - 39.005 (R2 = 0.890, P < 0.01). The steps/day, walking distance and walking duration which correspond to 700 kcal/week was 2,373 steps/day, 21.9 minutes and 1,604 meter in men, and 2,887 steps/day, 25.3 minutes and 1,690 meter in women at normal walking speed. CONCLUSION: To exert at least 700 kcal/week with exercise, it is recommended that type 2 diabetic patients walk at least 25 minutes/day or 1,700 meter/day or 2,500 steps/day in men and 30 minutes/day or 1,800 meter/day or 3,000 steps/day in women at normal walking speed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on Glucose Control, Neuropathy Scores, Balance, and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Neuropathy
Sukhee Ahn, Rhayun Song
The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.2012; 18(12): 1172. CrossRef
Small Rice Bowl-Based Meal Plan for Energy and Marcronutrient Intake in Korean Men with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Hee Jung Ahn, Kyung Ah Han, Jin Young Jang, Jae Hyuk Lee, Kang Seo Park, Kyung Wan Min
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(3): 273. CrossRef
Group Classification on Management Behavior of Diabetic Mellitus
Sung-Hong Kang, Soon-Ho Choi
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2011; 12(2): 765. CrossRef
Bowl-Based Meal Plan versus Food Exchange-Based Meal Plan for Dietary Intake Control in Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Hee-Jung Ahn, Boo-Kyung Koo, Ji-Yeon Jung, Hwi-Ryun Kwon, Hyun-Jin Kim, Kang-Seo Park, Kyung-Ah Han, Kyung-Wan Min
Korean Diabetes Journal.2009; 33(2): 155. CrossRef

Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity in Type 2 Diabetes in Korea.: Sang Ah Chang, Jung Min Lee, Tae Seo Sohn, Hyun Shik Son, Sung Woo Park, Sei Hyun Baik, Jae Myung Yu, Yeon Ah Sung, Chul Woo Ahn, Kyung Wan Min, Kyung Ah Han; Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(1):83-88. Published online January 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.1.83

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Walking is a popular, convenient and relatively safe form of exercise. However, there is few objective data for walking exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate pedometer-determined physical activity defined as steps/day in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, it could be the basic data for programming walking exercise in diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Participants with type 2 diabetes who visited in 6 university hospitals on February, 2006 in Seoul and Kyung-gi area were recruited. The participants were asked their ambulatory activity with the given pedometer and calorimeter for 1 week. Total 240 (Male 122, Female 118) subjects who walked above 1000 steps/day were analyzed. We also collected their biochemical data from the medical records. RESULTS: Participants took 8532 +/- 4130 steps for day (step/day) and energy expenditure were 320 +/- 161 Cal/day. Steps/day was not significantly different between male and female, but energy expenditure was higher in male than female ( P < 0.05). Steps/day was significantly lower in obese patients than non-obese patients (P < 0.001). BMI (r = -0.325, P < 0.001), waist circumference (r = -0.287, P < 0.001), triglyceride (r = 0.164, P < 0.018) showed significant inverse correlation with steps/day, but BUN (r = 0.165, P = 0.019) and HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.164, P = 0.018) were positive correlated with steps/day significantly. BMI (r = -0.14, P < 0.032) and cholesterol (r = -0.139, P < 0.041) showed significantly inverse correlation with energy expenditure and BUN (r = 0.187, P = 0.008) and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.145, P < 0.037) positively correlated with energy expenditure. Pedometer-determined steps/day was positively associated with energy expenditure (r2 = 0.824, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed the objective quantification of physical activity measured by simple and inexpensive pedometers. It could be used to recommend walking exercise since the practitioners can estimate steps/day for required energy expenditure.

Case Report

Acquired Generalized Lipodystrophy with Severe Insulin Resistant Diabetes Mellitus.: Jung Min Lee, Tae Seo Sohn, Hyun Shik Son; Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(6):487-491. Published online November 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.6.487

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Abstract PDF: Acquired generalized lipodystrophy is a rare disease, and often follows autoimmune disease, prodromal infection, HIV infection. The clinical characteristics are generalized absence of fat, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, absence of ketosis, elevated basal metabolic rate, severe hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatomegaly. Here we experience and report a case of 16-year-old female patient who has clinical features of acquired generalized lipodystrophy with severe insulin resistant diabetes mellitus without any prodromal states.

Original Article

Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) Expression in the Hypoxic Injury to Pancreatic Beta (MIN6) Cells.: Seung Hyun Ko, Seung Bum Kim, Kyung Ryul Ryu, Ji Won Kim, Yu Bai Ahn, Sung Dae Moon, Sung Rae Kim, Jung Min Lee, Hyuk Snag Kwon, Kun Ho Yoon, Ki Ho Song; Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(5):336-346. Published online September 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.5.336

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Islet transplantation is an alternative potential strategy to cure type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, two or more donors are usually needed for one recipient because a substantial part of the graft becomes nonfunctional due to several factors including hypoxia. Though hypoxic exposure of pancreatic beta cells has been reported to induce apoptotic cell death, the molecular processes involved in hypoxia-induced cell death are poorly understood. In type I diabetes, Nitric Oxide (NO) is known as an important cytokine, involved in the pathogenesis of beta cell dysfunction. Pancreatic beta cells are sensitive to the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) when stimulated by TNF-a or IL-1beta. But contribution of iNOS in response to hypoxia is not yet fully understood. METHODS: Mouse insulinoma cells (MIN6) were incubated in an anaerobic chamber (75% N2/15% CO2/5% H2) for up to 12 hours. Cell viability was measured after AO/PI staining. Caspase-3 activation was also determined using Western blot analysis. Nitric Oxide (NO) release into culture medium was measured using a Griess reagent. The expression of iNOS and PDX-1 mRNA and iNOS protein was examined using real time PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Marked cell death was observed within 6 hours after hypoxic exposure of MIN6 cells (control, < 5%; 2 hr, 11.0+/-7.6%; 6 hr, 46.2+/-12.8%, P < 0.05). Immunoreactivity to activated caspase-3 was observed at 2, 4 and 6 hrs. NO production was increased in a time dependent manner. Expression of iNOS mRNA and protein was significantly increased at 4 and 6 hour after hypoxia. iNOS expression was confirmed by immunostaining. Of note, Pdx-1 mRNA expression was markedly attenuated by hypoxic treatment. Pretreatment with a selective iNOS inhibitor, 1400 W, significantly prevented beta cell death induced by hypoxic injury. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that iNOS-NO play an important role in hypoxic injury to MIN6 cells. Therefore, iNOS-NO might be a potential therapeutic target for improving engraftment of the transplanted islets and suppression of iNOS would be helpful for prevention of beta cells damage to hypoxic injury.

Case Report

A Case of Acromegaly Presenting with Diabetic Ketoacidosis.: Jin Dong Kim, Tae Seo Sohn, Jee In Lee, Jick Hwan Hah, Yun Hwa Jung, Jung Min Lee, Sung Min Nam, Seung Won Lee, Hyun Shik Son; Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(4):312-315. Published online July 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.4.312

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Abstract PDF: In patients with acromegaly, glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus are one of the frequent manifestations. And the type of diabetes in these patients is usually non-insulin dependent type secondary to insulin resistance caused by growth hormone excess. Therefore, the diabetes mellitus in these patients dose not tend to develop diabetic ketoacidosis. But we experienced and presented the case of a patient with acromegaly hospitalized due to the diabetic ketoacidosis without overt clinical manifestations of acromegaly. This case of acromegaly showed that growth hormone excess could cause diabetic ketoacidosis in the presence of relative insulin deficiency.

Original Articles

Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.: Seung Hyun Ko, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Jung Min Lee, Sung Rae Kim, Jae Hyung Cho, Ki Dong Yoo, Yong Moon Park, Won Chul Lee, Ki Ho Song, Kun Ho Yoon, Bong Yun Cha, Ho Young Son, Yu Bai Ahn; Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(3):226-235. Published online May 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.3.226

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy has a significant negative impact on survival and quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients. Especially cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is clinically important, because of its correlation to cardiovascular death. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of CAN in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: 1798 type 2 diabetic patients, 727 males and 1071 females, visited Diabetes Clinic at St. Vincent Hospital, Korea, were included from January 2001 to December 2005. Clinical evaluation, laboratory test and assessment of diabetic complication were completed. Standard test for CAN were performed: 1) heart rate variability (HRV) during deep breathing (E/I ratio) 2) Valsalva maneuver 3) 30:15 ratio 4) blood pressure response to standing. CAN score was determined according to the results of the test as following: 0 = normal, 1 = abnormal. RESULTS: Mean age and diabetic duration of patients were 56.7 +/- 10.9, and 9.4 +/- 7.5 years. Normal and abnormal CAN were detected in 815 (45.3%) and 983 (54.7%) of the patients, respectively. Abnormal E/I, valsalva, and 30:15 ratio were found in 333 (18.5%), 717 (39.9%), and 546 (30.4%) patients, respectively. Age, diabetic duration, postprandial hyperglycemia, HbA1c, C-reactive protein, and microalbumuria levels were significantly different between normal and abnormal CAN groups. 49 (6.0%) patients of normal and 100 (10.2%) patients of abnormal CAN group showed previous attack of stroke (P = 0.004). In addition, diabetic foot was more frequent in patients with CAN (normal vs. abnormal, 14 (1.7%) vs. 73 (7.4%), P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CAN is frequently found in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. It was associated with diabetic duration, uncontrolled diabetes, increased albumin excretion rate, presence of retinopathy, postprandial hyperglycemia.

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Effects of High-Dose α-Lipoic Acid on Heart Rate Variability of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Korea
Sol Jae Lee, Su Jin Jeong, Yu Chang Lee, Yong Hoon Lee, Jung Eun Lee, Chong Hwa Kim, Kyung Wan Min, Bong Yun Cha
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2017; 41(4): 275. CrossRef
Screening of Autonomic Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Bo Kyung Koo
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2014; 38(5): 346. CrossRef
Decision trees and multi-level ensemble classifiers for neurological diagnostics
Herbert F. Jelinek, Jemal H. Abawajy, Andrei V. Kelarev, Morshed U. Chowdhury, Andrew Stranieri
AIMS Medical Science.2014; 1(1): 1. CrossRef
Correlation between Predictors for Diabetic Gastroparesis and Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy
Kyung-Ju Lee, Kyoung-Ho Ryu, Jin-Ook Chung, Dong-Hyeok Cho, Dong-Jin Chung, Min-Young Chung
Chonnam Medical Journal.2009; 45(3): 175. CrossRef
Epidemiologic Characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: Current Status of Diabetic Patients Using Korean Health Insurance Database
Ie Byung Park, Sei Hyun Baik
Korean Diabetes Journal.2009; 33(5): 357. CrossRef
The Status of Diabetes Mellitus and Effects of Related Factors on Heart Rate Variability in a Community
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Korean Diabetes Journal.2009; 33(6): 537. CrossRef

Prevalence of Fungal Infection on Foot in Diabetic Patients and Correlation between Diabetic Ulcer and Fungal Infection on Foot.: Bong Yun Cha, Hyun Shik Son, Jung Min Lee, Sung Koo Kang; Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(1):64-72. Published online January 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.1.64

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of fungal infection and ulcer on the feet of diabetic patients and the existence of correlation between ulcer and fungal infection. METHODS: A total of 21,693 outpatients diagnosed as diabetes mellitus at the department of endocrinology of 32 hospitals were examined. The diabetic patients with foot problems were consulted to the department of dermatology. Physical examination and KOH preparation were performed by a dermatologist. RESULTS: 13,271 patients had certain kinds of foot problem, accounting for 61.2% of 21,693 diabetics examined. Of these, fungal foot disease was found in 10,403 patients that constituted 78.4%(48.0% of the entire diabetic population). Tinea pedis was the diagnosis in 6,496(29.9%), onychomycosis in 7,783(35.9%), and coexistence was in 3,883(17.9%). Foot deformity was in 1,346(6.2% of diabetics; 10.1% of foot disease), nonpalpable pulse in 1,051 (4.8%; 7.9%), and foot ulcer was in 425(2.0%; 3.2%), following in a descending order of frequency. Odds ratios for diabetic foot ulcer were 2.5 in patients with the foot deformity, 1.6 with fungal foot disease and 2.2 with non-palpable pulse. Conversely, odds ratios for fungal foot disease were 2.5 with foot deformity, and 1.6 with foot ulcer. A total of 5,486 patients paid visit to the department of dermatology. Of these, 4,519 patient were diagnosed with fungal infection through physical examination and KOH smear by dermatologists. The population were comprised of 2,272 males and 2,247 females, showing similar prevalences between sexes. However, age did have positive correlation regarding prevalence of fungal foot disease. The number of diabetic patients with toenail problems was 3,847(70%) and onychomycosis was proven mycologically in 3,276 patients. Onychomycosis of distal subungal type was the most common clinical finding, most frequently involving the great toenails. Abnormal skin findings of the foot were seen in 3,885 (70.8%) and tinea pedis was found in 3,209(58.5%), most commonly involving the soles. CONCLUSION: This study showed that fungal infection might be regarded as a risk factor of foot ulcer. Treatment of fungal infection in diabetic patients might prevent diabetic foot disease such as ulcer and reduce the disability, morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients.

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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Toenail Onychomycosis Among Patients with Diabetes in Jordan
Hesham Alrauosh, Anas Ababneh, Faris G. Bakri, Mousa Abujbara, Hashem Kanaan, Nidal A. Younes
Current Diabetes Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and associated factors of tenia pedis among patients with diabetes in Jordan
Anas Ababneh, Hesham Alrauosh, Mousa Abujbara, Hashem Kanaan, Faris G. Bakri, Nidal A. Younes
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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